GRAMMAR

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1. THE ALPHABET

Aa, a as in "last"	Bb, b as in "be"	Cc, ts as in "wits"	Ĉĉ, ch as in "church"	Dd, d as in "do"	Ee, e as in "nest"	Ff, f as in "fly"
Gg, g as in "gun"	Ĝĝ, j as in "join"	Hh, h as in "half"	Ĥĥ, strongly aspirated h, "ch" in "loch" (scotch)	Ii, i as in "marine"	Jj, y as in "yoke"	Ĵĵ, z as in "azure"
Kk, k as in "key"	Ll, l as in "line"	Mm, m as in "make"	Nn, n as in "now"	Oo, o as in "not"	Pp, p as in "pair"	Rr, r as in "rare"
Ss, s as in "see"	Ŝŝ, sh as in "show"	Tt, t as in "tea"	Uu, u as in "bull"	Ŭŭ, u as in "mount" (used in diphtongs)	Vv, v as in "very"	Zz, z as in "zeal"

Remark. ― If it be found impraticable to print works with the diacritical signs (^,˘), the letter h may be substituted for the sign (^), and the sign (˘), may be altogether omitted.

2. PARTS OF SPEECH

• a) There is no indefinite, and only one definite, article, la, for all genders, numbers, and cases.
• b) Substantives are formed by adding o to the root. For the plural, the letter j must be added to the singular. There are two cases: the nominative and the objective (accusative). The root with the added o is the nominative, the objective adds an n after the o. Other cases are formed by prepositions; thus, the possessive (genitive) by de, „of”; the dative by al, „to”, the instrumental (ablative) by kun, „with”, or other preposition as the sense demands. E. g. root amik, „friend”; la amik'o, „the friend”; la amik'o'n, „the friend” (objective), de la amik'o, „of the friend”; al la amik'o, „to the friend”; kun la amik'o, „with the friend”; la amik'o'j, „the friends”; la amik'o'j'n, „the friends” (obj.), por la amik'o'j, „for the friends”.
• c) Adjectives are formed by adding a to the root. The numbers and cases are the same as in substantives. The comparative degree is formed by prefixing pli (more); the superlative by plej (most). The word „than” is rendered by ol, e. g. pli blanka ol neĝo, „whiter than snow”.
• ĉ) The cardinal numerals do not change their forms for the different cases. They are: unu (1), du (2), tri (3), kvar (4), kvin (5), ses (6), sep (7), ok (8), naŭ (9), dek (10), cent (100), mil (1000). The tens and hundreds are formed by simple junction of the numerals, e. g. 533 = kvin'cent tri'dek tri. Ordinals are formed by adding the adjectival a to the cardinals, e. g. unu'a, „first”; du'a, „second”, etc. Multiplicatives (as „threefold”, „fourfold”, etc.) add obl, e. g. tri'obl'a, „threefold”. Fractionals add on, as du'on'o, „a half”; kvar'on'o, „a quarter”. Collective numerals add op, as kvar'op'e, „four together”. Distributive prefix po, e. g., po kvin, „five apiece”. Adverbials take e, e. g., unu'e, „firstly”, etc.
• d) The personal pronouns are: mi, „I”; vi, „you”; ri, „they“ (singular); li, „he”; ŝi, „she”; ĝi, „it”; si, „self”; ni, „we”; ili, „they” (plural); oni, „one”, „people”, (French „on”). Possessive pronouns are formed by suffixing to the required personal, the adjectival termination. The declension of the pronouns is identical with that of substantives. E. g. mi, „I”; mi'n, „me” (obj.); mi'a, „my”, „mine”.
• e) The verb does not change its form for numbers or persons, e. g. mi far'as, „I do”; la amik'o far'as, „the friend does”; ili far'as, „they (plural) do”.

  Forms of the Verb:

  • 1. The present tense ends in as, e. g. mi far'as, „I do”.
  • 2. The past tense ends in is, e. g. ri far'is, „they (singular) did”.
  • 3. The future tense ends in os, e. g. ili far'os, „they (plural) will do”.
  • 4. The subjunctive mood ends in us, e. g. ri far'us, „they (singular) may do”.
  • 5. The imperative mood ends in u, e. g. ni far'u, „let us do”.
  • 6. The infinitive mood ends in i, e. g. far'i, „to do”.
  There are two forms of the participle in the international language, the changeable or adjectival, and the unchangeable or adverbial.
  • 7. The present participle active ends in ant, e. g. far'ant'a, „they (singular) who are doing”; far'ant'e, „doing”.
  • 8. The past participle active ends in int, e. g. far'int'a, „they (singular) who have done”; far'int'e, „having done”.
  • 9. The future participle active ends in ont, e. g. far'ont'a, „they (singular) who will do”; far'ont'e, „about to do”.
  • 10. The present participle passive ends in at, e. g. far'at'e, „being done”.
  • 11. The past participle passive ends in it, e. g. far'it'a, „that which has been done”; far'it'e, „having been done”.
  • 12. The future participle passive ends in ot, e. g. far'ot'a, „that which will be done”; far'ot'e, „about to be done”.
  All forms of the passive are rendered by the respective forms of the verb est (to be) and the participle passive of the required verb; the preposition used is de, „by”. E. g. ri est'as am'at'a de ĉiu'j, „they (singular) are loved by every one”.
• f) Adverbs are formed by adding e to the root. The degrees of comparison are the same as in adjectives, e. g., mi'a amik'o kant'as pli bon'e ol mi, „my friend sings better than I”.
• g) All prepositions govern the nominative case.

3. GENERAL RULES

• a) Every word is to be read exactly as written, there are no silent letters.
• b) The accent falls on the last syllable but one, (penultimate).
• c) Compound words are formed by the simple junction of roots, (the principal word standing last), which are written as a single word, but, in elementary works, separated by a small line ('). Grammatical terminations are considered as independent words. E. g. vapor'ŝip'o, „steamboat” is composed of the roots vapor, „steam”, and ŝip, „a ship”, with the substantival termination o.
• ĉ) If there be one negative in a clause, a second is not admissible.
• d) In phrases answering the question „where?” (meaning direction), the words take the termination of the objective case; e. g. kie'n vi ir'as?„where are you going?”; dom'o'n, „home”; London'o'n, „to London”, etc.
• e) Every preposition in the international language has a definite fixed meaning. If it be necessary to employ some preposition, and it is not quite evident from the sense which it should be, the word je is used, which has no definite meaning; for example, ĝoj'i je tio, „to rejoice over it”; rid'i je tio, „to laugh at it”; enu'o je la hejm'land'o, „a longing for one’s homeland”. In every language different prepositions, sanctioned by usage, are employed in these dubious cases, in the international language, one word, je, suffices for all. Instead of je, the objective without a preposition may be used, when no confusion is to be feared.
• f) The so-called „foreign” words, i. e. words which the greater number of languages have derived from the same source, undergo no change in the international language, beyond conforming to its system of orthography. ― Such is the rule with regard to primary words, derivatives are better formed (from the primary word) according to the rules of the international grammar, e. g. teatr'o, „theatre”, but teatr'a, „theatrical”, (not teatrical'a), etc.
• g) The a of the article, and final o of substantives, may be sometimes dropped euphoniae gratia, e. g. de l’ mond'o for de la mond'o; Ŝiller’ for Ŝiller'o; in such cases an apostrophe should be substituted for the discarded vowel.

DICTIONARY

A

-a termination of adjectives; e. g. hom/o human being ― hom/a human
acid/a acid, sour

aĉet/i to buy

-ad- denotes duration of action; e. g. danc/o dance ― danc/ad/o dancing
adiaŭ adieu, goodbye
aer/o air
afer/o affair
agl/o eagle
agrabl/a agreeable
aĝ/o age

ajn ever; e.g. kiu who ― kiu ajn whoever
-aĵ- made from or possessing the quality of; e. g. sek/a dry ― sek/aĵ/o dry goods
akompan/i to accompany
akr/a sharp
akv/o water
al to
ali/a other
almenaŭ at least
alt/a high
alumet/o match
am/i to love
amas/o crowd, mass
amik/o friend
-an- inhabitant, member; e. g. Nov-Jork/o New York ― Nov-Jork/an/o New Yorker
angul/o corner, angle
anĝel/o angel
anim/o soul
ankaŭ also
ankoraŭ yet, still
anstataŭ instead
-ant- ending of pres. part. act. in verbs
antaŭ before
apart/a separate, special
aparten/i to belong
apenaŭ scarcely
apud near by
-ar- a collection of objects; e. g. vort/o word ― vort/ar/o dictionary
arb/o tree
arĝent/o silver
-as ending of the present tense in verbs
-at- ending of pres. part. pass. in verbs
atend/i to wait, to expect
aŭ or
aŭd/i to hear
aŭskult/i to listen
aŭtun/o autumn, fall
avu/o grandparent
avar/a covetous
azen/o ass

B

babil/i to chatter
bak/i to bake
bala/i to sweep
balanc/i to balance, to swing
baldaŭ soon
ban/i to bath
bar/i to bar, to obstruct
barb/o beard
barel/o keg, barrel
baston/o stick
bat/i to beat
batal/i to fight
bedaŭr/i to regret, to be sorry
bel/a beautiful
ben/i to bless
benk/o bench
best/o animal, beast
bezon/i to need, to want
bind/i to bind (books)
bird/o bird
blank/a white
blind/a blind
blov/i to blow (trans.)
blu/a blue
bo- relation by marriage; e. g. parent/o parent ― bo/parent/o parent-in-law
boj/i to bark (dog’s)
bol/i to boil
bon/a good
bord/o shore
bot/o boot
botel/o bottle
bov/o ox
branĉ/o branch
bril/i to shine
bros/o brush
bru/i to noise
brul/i to burn (intr.)
brust/o breast
buŝ/o mouth
buter/o butter
buton/o button

C

cel/i to aim

cent hundred
cert/a certain, sure
ceter/a rest, remainder
citron/o lemon

Ĉ

ĉagren/i to vex, to annoy
ĉambr/o room, chamber
ĉap/o cap, bonnet
ĉapel/o hat
ĉar for, since, because
ĉe at
ĉemiz/o shirt
ĉen/o chain
ĉeriz/o cherry
ĉerk/o coffin
ĉes/i to cease, to desist
ĉeval/o horse
ĉi denotes proximity; e. g. tiu that ― tiu ĉi this; tie there ― tie ĉi here
ĉia every, every kind of
ĉiam always
ĉie everywhere
ĉiel/o sky, heaven
ĉio everything
ĉirkaŭ about, around
ĉiu each, every one; ĉiu/j all
-ĉj- affectionate diminutive of masculine names (one can add this suffix to the first 1-5 letters); e.g. Johan/o John ― Jo/ĉj/o Johnnie
ĉu whether

D

da is used instead of de after words expressing weight or measure; e. g. funt/o da viand/o a pound of meat, glas/o da akv/o a cup of water
danc/i to dance
danĝer/o danger
dank/i to thank
daŭr/i to last (intr.)
de of, from
decid/i to decide
defend/i to defend
dek ten
dekstr/a right-hand
demand/i to ask (a question)
dens/a dense
dent/o tooth
detru/i to destroy
dev/i to ought, to must
dezert/o a desert
dezir/i to desire
Di/o God
dik/a thick, corpulent
diligent/a diligent
dimanĉ/o Sunday
dir/i to say
dis- denotes separation; e.g. sem/i to sow — dis/sem/i to disseminate
disput/i to dispute
divid/i to divide, to share
do then, indeed, however
dolor/i to pain, to hurt
dolĉ/a sweet
dom/o house
don/i to give
donac/i to make a present
dorm/i to sleep
dors/o back (body)
du two
dum while, whilst

E

-e ending of adverbs; e. g. bon/a good ― bon/e well

eben/a even, level

-ebl- -able, possible

-ec- denotes qualites; e. g. bon/a good ― bon/ec/o goodness

eĉ even (adv.)
eduk/i to educate
efektiv/a real, actual
-eg- denotes increase of degree; e. g, varm/a warm ― varm/eg/a hot
egal/a equal
-ej- place where an action occurs; e. g. kuir/i  to cook ― kuir/ej/o kitchen
ek- denotes sudden or momentary action; e. g. kri/i to cry ― ek/kri/i to cry out
eks- ex-, late
ekster outside, besides
ekzempl/o example
el from, out from
elekt/i to choose
-em- inclined to; e. g. babil/i to chatter ― babil/em/a talkative
en in (when followed by the accusative ― into)
enu/i to be bored, to weary
envi/i to envy
-er- one of many objects of the same kind; e. g. sabl/o sand ― sabl/er/o grain of sand
erar/i to err, to mistake
escept/i to except
esper/i to hope
esprim/i to express
est/i to be
estim/i to esteem
esting/i to extinguish
-estr- chief, boss; e.g. ŝip/o ship ― ŝip/estr/o captain
-et- denotes diminution of degree; e. g. rid/i to laugh ― rid/et/i to smile
etaĝ/o story (of a house)
etern/a eternal

F

facil/a easy

faden/o thread

fajf/i to whistle

fajr/o fire

fal/i to fall

fald/i to fold, to pleat

famili/o family

far/i to do, to make; far/iĝ/i to become

fart/i to be (well or unwell)

feliĉ/a happy

fend/i to split

fenestr/o window

fer/o iron

ferm/i to shut

fest/i to celebrate

fiance/o fiancé(e)

fidel/a faithful

fier/a proud

fin/i to finish, to end (trans.)

fingr/o finger

firm/a firm

fiŝ/o fish
fiz/o offspring

flank/o side

flar/i to smell

flav/a yellow

flor/o bloom, flower

flu/i to flow

flug/i to fly

fluid/a fluid

foj/o time (e. g. three times etc.)

fojn/o hay

foli/o leaf, sheet (paper)

fond/i to found

font/o fountain

for forth, away

forges/i to forget

forĝ/i to forge (smith’s work)

fork/o fork

forn/o stove, furnace, oven

fort/a strong

fos/i to dig

frap/i to hit, to knock

freŝ/a fresh

fromaĝ/o cheese

frost/o frost

frot/i to rub
fru/e early
frukt/o fruit
frunt/o forehead
fulm/o lightning
fum/o smoke
fund/o bottom

G

gaj/a glad

gajn/i to gain

gant/o glove

gard/i to guard, to watch over

gast/o guest

genu/o knee

glaci/o ice (natural)

glas/o a glass, tumbler

glat/a smooth, glossy (not rough)
glav/o sword
glit/i to glide, to skate, to slide
glor/i to glorify
glut/i to swallow
gorĝ/o throat
grand/a great, tall
gras/o fat
grat/i to scratch
gratul/i to congratulate
grav/a important
griz/a grey
gust/o taste
gut/i to drop (intr.); gut/o a drop

Ĝ

ĝarden/o garden

ĝem/i to groan

ĝentil/a polite, courteous

ĝi it

ĝis up to, until

ĝoj/i to rejoice, to be glad
ĝust/a right, exact, correct

H

ha! ah! alas!

hajl/o hail
haladz/o fume, exhalation
halt/i to come to a stop
har/o hair
haring/o herring
haŭt/o skin
hav/i to have
hejt/i to heat
help/i to help
herb/o grass
hered/i to inherit
hieraŭ yesterday
ho! oh!
hodiaŭ today
hom/o human being
honest/a honest
hont/i to be ashamed
hor/o hour
horloĝ/o clock
hotel/o hotel
humil/a humble
hund/o dog

I

-i termination of the infinitive in verbs; e. g. laŭd/i to praise

ia of some kind, any

ial for some cause

iam at some time, ever
-iĉ- male suffix; e. g. parent/o parent — parent/iĉ/o male parent

-id- descendant, young one; e. g. bov/o ox ― bov/id/o calf

ie somewhere

iel somehow

ies someone’s

-ig- to cause to be; e. g. pur/a pure ― pur/ig/i to purify

-iĝ- to become; e. g. ruĝ/a red ― ruĝ/iĝ/i to blush

-il- instrument; e. g. tond/i to shear ― tond/il/o scissors

ili they (plural);
-in- female suffix; e. g. parent/o parent ― parent/in/o female parent

-ind- worthy of

infan/o child

-ing- holder for; e. g. kandel/o candle ― kandel/ing/o candlestick

ink/o ink

instru/i to instruct, to teach
insul/o island
insult/i to abuse, to revile
-int- ending of past part. act. in verbs; e. g. am/int/a having loved
intenc/i to intend
inter between, among
intern/a inner
invit/i to invite
io something
iom a little, some quantity
-ip- non-binary suffix; e. g. parent/o parent — parent/ip/o non-binary parent
ir/i to go
-is ending of past tense in verbs; e. g. am/is loved
-ist- person occupied with; e. g. mar/o sea ― mar/ist/o sailor
-it- ending of past part. pass. in verbs; e. g. am/it/a having been loved
iu someone

J

-j sign of the plural; e. g. amik/o friend ― amik/o/j friends
-j- affectionate diminutive of names (one can add this suffix to the first 1-5 letters); e. g. Ariel/o Ariel — Ar/j/o

ja emphatic particle

jam already

jar/o year

je can be rendered by various English prepositions

jen behold, lo; jen ― jen sometimes ― sometimes

jes yes

ju ― des the ― the

juĝ/i to judge

jun/a young

just/a just, righteous

Ĵ

ĵaŭd/o Thursday

ĵet/i to throw

ĵur/i to swear
ĵus just, exactly

K

kaf/o coffee

kaj and

kajer/o unbound book, part (of same)

kaldron/o kettle

kaleŝ/o carriage

kalkul/i to calculate

kamen/o fire-place

kamp/o field

kanap/o sofa, lounge

kandel/o candle

kant/i to sing

kap/o head

kapt/i to catch

kar/a dear

karb/o coal

kares/i to caress

kaŝ/i to hide

kat/o cat

kaŭz/i to cause

ke that (conj.)

kelk/a some, a few, certain

kest/o chest, box
kia of what kind
kial why, wherefore
kiam when
kid/o kid
kie where
kiel how
kies whose
kio what
kiom how much
kis/i to kiss
kiu who, which
klar/a clear
kok/o cock (bird)
kol/o neck
koleg/o colleague
kolekt/i to collect
koler/i to be angry
kolon/o column
kolor/o color
komb/i to comb
komenc/i to commence
komerc/i to trade
kompat/i to compassionate
kompren/i to understand
kon/i to know, to recognize, to be acquainted with
kondiĉ/o condition
konduk/i to conduct, to steer
konfes/i to confess
konsent/i to consent
konserv/i to preserve
konsil/i to advise, to counsel
konsol/i to console
konstant/a constant
konstru/i to construct, to build
kontent/a content
kontraŭ against, opposite
konven/i to be suitable, to suit
kor/o heart
korn/o horn
korp/o body
kort/o court, courtyard
kost/i to cost
kovr/i to cover
kraĉ/i to spit
krajon/o pencil
kravat/o cravat
kre/i to create
kred/i to believe
kresk/i to grow, to increase
kret/o chalk
kri/i to cry out, to cry
kron/o crown
kruc/o cross
kudr/i to sew
kuir/i to cook
kuler/o spoon
kulp/a guilty, at fault
kun with; kun/e together
kupr/o copper
kur/i to run (intr.)
kurac/i to treat (as an ilness), to cure
kuraĝ/a courageous
kurten/o curtain
kusen/o cushion
kuŝ/i to lie (down)
kutim/i to become accustomed
kuzen/o cousin
kvankam although
kvar four
kvazaŭ as if
kvin five

L

l', la the

labor/i to work, to labour

lac/a weary

lakt/o milk

lam/a lame

lamp/o lamp

land/o land, country

lang/o tongue (organ of speech)

lantern/o lantern

larĝ/a large, broad

larm/o tear, teardrop

las/i to leave, to let alone

last/a last, latest

laŭ according to

laŭd/i to praise

laŭt/e loudly

lav/i to wash

lecion/o lesson

leg/i to read

leĝ/o law

leon/o lion

lern/i to learn

lert/a skilful

leter/o letter

lev/i to lift, to raise

li he

liber/a free

libr/o book

lig/i to bind, to tie
lign/o wood (the substance)
lingv/o language
lip/o lip
lit/o bed (couch)
liter/o letter (of alphabet)
loĝ/i to dwell, to lodge, to live
lok/o place
long/a long
lud/i to play
lum/i to shine, to give light
lun/o moon
lund/o Monday

M

maĉ/i to chew

magazen/o shop, store, warehouse

makul/o stain

mal- denotes opposites; e. g. alt/a high ― mal/alt/a low

malgraŭ in spite of

man/o hand
manĝ/i to eat
mar/o sea
mard/o Tuesday
mastr/o master (of house), host
maten/o morning
matur/a mature, ripe
mem self
memor/i to remember
merit/i to merit
merkred/o Wednesday
met/i to put, to place
mez/o middle
mezur/i to measure
mi I
miks/i to mix
mil thousand
milit/i to make war
mir/i to wonder
mis- mis-; e. g. kompren/i to understand — mis/kompren/i to misunderstand
mizer/o distress, misery
moder/a moderate
modest/a modest
mojos/a cool
mol/a soft
mon/o money
monat/o month
mond/o world
mont/o mountain
montr/i to show
mord/i to bite
morgaŭ tomorrow
mort/i to die
moŝt/o universal title; e. g. vi/a rojal/a moŝt/o your majesty; vi/a moŝt/o your honor
mov/i to move (trans.)
mult/e much, many
mur/o wall
murmur/i to murmur
muŝ/o fly (insect)
mut/a dumb

N

-n ending of the objective, also marks direction

naĝ/i to swim

najbar/o neighbour
nask/i to bear, to produce
naŭ nine
naz/o nose
ne no, not
nebul/o fog
neces/a necessary
neĝ/o snow
nek ― nek neither ― nor
nenia not any kind of, no
neniam never
nenie nowhere
neniel in no way, not anyhow, not at all
nenies no one’s
nenio nothing
neniu nobody, none
nepot/o grandchild
ni we
niev/o nibling
nigr/a black
-nj- affectionate diminutive of female names (one can add this suffix to the first 1-5 letters); e. g. Henriet/o Henrietta ― Henri/nj/o, He/nj/o Hetty
nobl/a noble
nokt/o night
nombr/o number
nov/a new
nub/o cloud
nud/a nude, naked, bare
nuks/o nut
nun now
nur only (adv.)
nutr/i to nourish, to feed (trans.)
O

-o ending of nouns (substantive)
obe/i to obey
objekt/o object

-obl- ...fold; e. g. du two ― du/obl/a twofold, duplex
obstin/a obstinate
odor/i to give out odour, to 
smell
ofend/i to offend
ofer/i to sacrifice
oft/e often
ok eight
okaz/i to happen
okul/o eye
okup/i to occupy
ol than
ole/o oil
ombr/o shadow
ombrel/o umbrella
-on- marks fractions; e. g. kvar four ― kvar/on/o a fourth, quarter
ond/o wave
oni one, people, they
-ont- ending of fut. part. act. in verbs
onti/o pibling
-op- marks collective numerals; e. g. tri three ― tri/op/e three together
oportun/a opportune, suitable
or/o gold
ord/o order, arrange
ordinar/a ordinary
ordon/i to order, to command
orel/o ear
-os ending of future tense in verbs
ost/o bone
-ot- ending of fut. part. pass. in verbs
ov/o egg

P

pac/o peace

paf/i to shoot

pag/i to pay

paĝ/o page (book)

pajl/o straw

pal/a pale

palac/o palace

palp/i to touch, to feel

palpebr/o eyelid

pan/o bread

pantalon/o trousers

paper/o paper

pardon/i to forgive

parenc/o relative
parent/o parent

parker/e by heart

parol/i to speak

part/o part

pas/i to pass (intr.)

pastr/o priest, pastor

paŝ/i to step, to pace

pec/o piece

pel/i to drive, to chase

pen/i to endeavour, try to

pend/i to hang (intr.)

pens/i to think

pentr/i to paint

per through, by means of

perd/i to lose

permes/i to permit, to allow

pes/i to weigh, to find out how heavy someone or something is

pet/i to request, to beg

pez/i to weigh, to have a weigh

pi/a pious

pied/o foot (body)

pik/i to prick, to sting

pilk/o ball (to play with)

pingl/o pin

pir/o pear
-pj- affectionate diminutive of non-binary names (one can add this suffix to the first 1-5 letters); e. g. Ariel/o Ariel — Arie/pj/o

plac/o public square

plaĉ/i to be pleasing, to please (intr.)

plafon/o ceiling

plank/o floor

plej most

plen/a full, complete

plend/i to complain

plezur/o pleasure

pli more

plor/i to mourn, to weep

plum/o feather, pen

pluv/o rain

po at the rate of

polv/o dust

pom/o apple

pont/o bridge

popol/o people

por for

pord/o door

pork/o pig

port/i to carry

post after, behind

postul/i to require, to claim

poŝ/o pocket

poŝt/o post (the system)

pot/o pot

pov/i to be able, to can
pra- great-, fore- (rel. to ancestors and descendants)

prav/a right (to be in the right)

preĝ/i to pray

prem/i to press

pren/i to take

prepar/i to prepare

preskaŭ almost

pret/a ready

prezent/i to present, to introduce (a person)

pri concerning, about

printemp/o springtime

pro for the sake of

profund/a deep

proksim/a near

promen/i to walk, to promenade

promes/i to promise

propon/i to propose, to suggest

propr/a own (one’s own)

prov/i to attempt, to try to

prudent/a reasonable

prunt/o borrow, loan

pulv/o gunpowder

pulvor/o powder (med. or chem.) 

pun/i to punish

pup/o doll

pur/a clean, pure

puŝ/i to push

putr/i to rot, to putrify

R

rad/o wheel

radi/o beam, ray

radik/o root
rakont/i to tell, to relate
ramp/i to crawl
rand/o edge, border, hem
rapid/a quick, rapid
raz/i to shave
re- again, back
reg/i to rule, to govern
regn/o state (land)
regul/o rule
rekt/a straight
rekompenc/i to reward
renkont/i to meet
renvers/i to knock over
respond/i to reply
rest/i to remain
ri they (singular)
ricev/i to obtain, to get, to receive
riĉ/a rich
rid/i to laugh
rigard/i to behold, to look at
ring/o ring
ripet/i to repeat
ripoz/i to repose
river/o river
rojal/o monarch, reigning one
romp/i to break
rond/o round, circle
rost/i to roast
roz/o rose
ruĝ/a red

S

sabat/o Saturday

sabl/o sand

saĝ/a wise

sak/o sack

sal/o salt

salt/i to leap, to jump

salut/i to salute, to greet
sam/a same
san/a healthy
sang/o blood
sankt/a sacred, holy
sap/o soap
sat/a satiated
sav/i to save, to rescue
sci/i to know
se if
sed but
seĝ/o chair
sek/a dry
sem/i to sow
semajn/o week
sen without
senc/o sense, meaning
send/i to send
sent/i to feel, to perceive
sep seven
serĉ/i to search
serpent/o snake, serpent
serur/o lock (fastening)
serv/i to serve
ses six
sever/a severe, strict
si one’s self
sib/o sibling
sid/i to sit
sigel/i to seal
sign/o sign, token
signif/i to signify, to mean
silent/i to be silent
simil/a like, similar
simpl/a simple
sior/o Mx.
skrib/i to write
sku/i to shake (trans.)
sobr/a sober
societ/o society
soif/i to thirst
sol/a only, alone
somer/o summer
son/i to sound (intr.)
sonĝ/i to dream
sonor/i to give out a sound (as a bell)
sort/o fate, destiny
sovaĝ/a wild, savage
spec/o kind, species
spegul/o looking-glass
spert/a experienced
spir/i to breathe
spoz/o spouse
sprit/a witty, quick-witted
stal/o stall, shed, stable
star/i to stand
stel/o star
stomak/o stomach
strat/o street
sub under, beneath, below
subit/a sudden
suĉ/i to suck
sufer/i to suffer
sufiĉ/e sufficiently
suk/o sap, juice
suker/o sugar
sun/o sun
sup/o soup
super over, above
supr/a upper (adj.)
sur upon, on
surd/a deaf
surtut/o overcoat

Ŝ

ŝajn/i to seem

ŝancel/i to stagger, cause to totter (trans.)

ŝanĝ/i to change

ŝaŭm/o foam

ŝel/o shell, peel, bark

ŝerc/i to joke

ŝi she

ŝip/o ship

ŝir/i to tear, to rend

ŝlos/i to lock, to fasten

ŝmir/i to spread, to smear

ŝnur/o string

ŝpar/i to save, to be sparing of

ŝpruc/i to spirt, to gush (intr.)

ŝrank/o cupboard

ŝtal/o steel

ŝtel/i to steal

ŝtof/o stuff

ŝton/o stone

ŝtop/i to stop up, to bung up

ŝtrump/o stocking

ŝtup/o tow (subst.); ŝtup/ar/o staircase, ladder

ŝu/o shoe

ŝuld/i to owe

ŝut/i to pour out (solids)

ŝvel/i to swell

ŝvit/i to perspire

T

tabl/o table

tabul/o board, plank, tablet
tag/o day
tajlor/o tailor
tamen however, nevertheless

tapiŝ/o carpet

taŭg/i to be fit for
te/o tea
tegment/o roof
teler/o plate
temp/o time
ten/i to hold, to grasp
tent/i to tempt
ter/o earth
terur/o terror, horror, fright 
tia such
tial therefore
tiam then
tie there
tiel thus, so
tim/i to fear
tio that (thing)
tiom so much
tir/i to draw, to pull, to drag
tiu that (one) (person or thing)
tol/o linen (mat.)
tomb/o tomb, grave
tond/i to clip, to shear
tondr/i to thunder
tra through (place)
traduk/i to translate
tranĉ/i to cut
trankvil/a tranquil, quiet
trans across
tre very
trem/i to tremble
tren/i to drag, to trail
tri three
trink/i to drink
tro too
tromp/i to deceive, to cheat
trov/i to find
tru/o hole
tuj immediately
tuk/o a cloth
tur/o tower
turment/i to torment
turn/i to turn (trans.)
tus/i to cough
tuŝ/i to touch
tut/a whole, entire, total

U

-u ending of the imperative in verbs

-uj- filled with; e. g. ink/o ink ― ink/uj/o ink-pot; pom/o apple ― pom/uj/o apple-tree; Turk/uj/o Turkey

-ul- person noted for...; e. g. avar/a covetous ― avar/ul/o miser, covetous person

-um- this syllable has no fixed meaning

ung/o nail (finger)

unu one

urb/o town

urs/o bear (animal)

-us ending of conditional in verbs

util/a useful

uz/i to use

V

vaks/o wax

van/a vain

vang/o cheek

vapor/o vapour, steam

varm/a warm

vast/a wide, vast

vaz/o vessel, vase

vek/i to wake, to arouse (trans.)

velk/i to fade

ven/i to come

vend/i to sell

vendred/o Friday

venen/o poison, venom

venĝ/i to take revenge, to avenge

venk/i to win

vent/o wind

ventr/o belly

ver/o truth

verd/a green

verk/i to write (literature), to compose

verm/o worm

verŝ/i to pour

vesper/o evening

vest/i to clothe; vest/o clothe

veter/o weather

vetur/i to journey, to travel

vi you

viand/o meat, flesh

vid/i to see

vilaĝ/o village

vintr/o winter

violon/o violin

vir/o man, male

viŝ/i to wipe

vitr/o glass (substance)

viv/i to live

vizaĝ/o face

voĉ/o voice

voj/o way, road

vok/i to call

vol/i to wish, to will

vort/o word

vost/o tail

vund/i to wound

Z

zorg/i to look after, to see to